4-Evidence Based Practice (EBP) is a problem-solving approach to clinical decision-making within a health care organization. It integrates the best available scientific evidence with the best available experiential (patient and practitioner) evidence. EBP considers internal and external influences on practice and encourages critical thinking in the judicious application of such evidence to the care of individual patients, a patient population, or a system. The level of evidence are as follows:Level IExperimental study, randomized controlled trial (RCT)Systematic review of RCTs, with or without meta-analysisLevel IIQuasi-experimental StudySystematic review of a combination of RCTs and quasi-experimental, or quasi-experimental studies only, with or without meta-analysis.Level IIINon-experimental studySystematic review of a combination of RCTs, quasi-experimental and non-experimental, or non-experimental studies only, with or without meta-analysis.Qualitative study or systematic review, with or without meta-analysisLevel IVOpinion of respected authorities and/or nationally recognized expert committees/consensus panels based on scientific evidence.Includes:- Clinical practice guidelines- Consensus panelsLevel VBased on experiential and non-research evidence.Includes:- Literature reviews- Quality improvement, program or financial evaluation- Case reports- Opinion of nationally recognized expert(s) based on experiential evidence.According to U.S Department of Health and Human services, Evidence Classification Scheme for a Diagnostic Measure include:Class I: A prospective study in a broad spectrum of persons with the suspected condition, using a ‘gold standard’ for case definition, where the test is applied in a blinded evaluation, and enabling the assessment of appropriate tests of diagnostic accuracyClass II: A prospective study of a narrow spectrum of persons with the suspected condition, or a well-designed retrospective study of a broad spectrum of persons with an established condition (by ‘gold standard’) compared to a broad spectrum of controls, where test is applied in a blinded evaluation, and enabling the assessment of appropriate tests of diagnostic accuracyClass III: Evidence provided by a retrospective study where either person with the established condition or controls are of a narrow spectrum, and where test is applied in a blinded evaluationClass IV: Any design where test is not applied in blinded evaluation OR evidence provided by expert opinion alone or in descriptive case series (without controls).ReferencesAgency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (n.d.). Agency for healthcare research and quality: a profile. Retrieved December 3, 2018, from https://www.ahrq.gov/cpi/about/profile/index.htmlWinona State University. (2018). Evidence based practice toolkit. Retrieved December 3, 2018, from https://libguides.winona.edu/ebptoolkit5-Evidence based medicine uses evidence to make clinical decisions. There is a hierarchal system for classification of evidence. This hierarchy is known as the levels of evidence. Physicians are encouraged to find the highest level of evidence to answer clinical questions (Barnes, Rohrich, & Chung, 2012, p. 305). The higher the level the more strength the evidence has. Randomized controlled trials (RCT’s) are the strongest research designs for treatment or intervention studies because they exert the most control over the methods and the results are considered more trustworthy (Thomas, 2017). It is important to note that a high level of evidence for a treatment study may not be the highest level of evidence for a study for prognosis. The strongest levels of evidence are at the top of the hierarchy. Some examples put concepts into  practice from the different levels of evidence that may include practice alerts for revising current policies and instituting new practices.Meta-Analysis  A      systematic review that uses quantitative methods to summarize the results.Systematic      Review         An article in which the authors have systematically searched for,      appraised, and summarized all the medical literature for a specific topic.Critically      Appraised Topic          Authors of critically-appraised topics evaluate and synthesize multiple      research studies.Critically      Appraised Articles  Authors of      critically-appraised individual articles evaluate and synopsize individual      research studies.Randomized      Controlled Trials  RCT’s include a randomized      group of patients in an experimental group and a control group. These      groups are followed up for the variables/outcomes of interest.Cohort      Study       Identifies two groups (cohorts) of patients, one which did receive the      exposure of interest, and one which did not, and following these cohorts      forward for the outcome of interest.Case-Control      Study       Involves identifying patients who have the outcome of interest (cases) and      control patients without the same outcome and looking to see if they had the      exposure of interest.Background      Information / Expert Opinion   Handbooks,      encyclopedias, and textbooks often provide a good foundation or      introduction and often include generalized information about a      condition.  While background information presents a convenient      summary, often it takes about three years for this type of literature to      be published.Animal      Research / Lab Studies  Information begins at the      bottom of the pyramid: this is where ideas and laboratoryresearch takes place. Ideas turn into therapies and diagnostic tools,      which then are tested with lab models andReferencesBarnes, P. B., Rohrich, R. J., & Chung, K. C. (2012, July 1). The Levels of Evidence and their role in Evidence-Based Medicine. Plastic Reconstructive Surgery, 128(1), 305-310. https://doi.org/doi:  [10.1097/PRS.0b013e318219c171]Thomas, C. J. (2017, May 23). What Does “Levels of Evidence” Mean in Evidence-Based Practice? Nursing Education Expert. Retrieved from https://nursingeducationexpert.com/levels-of-evidence/6-In attempting to prove the accuracy of a case study or otherinvestigation, various levels of evidence are utilized in associating wellreputed and accurate sources and data collection methods (Petrisor & Bhandari,2007). These evaluations grade the overall validity of the study, and help toshow whether or not the evidence is accurate in its findings (Petrisor &Bhandari, 2007). These levels of evidence are generally seen on seven levels,with the first being the most valid and the seventh being the least valid. Thefirst level is gathered through a systematic review of randomized controltrials (RCT), and due to the wide range of its data is the most accurate andcan be used as a basis for broad changes in practice methods (Burns, Rohlich& Chung, 2011). The second level is gathered through a single RCT thatcould be applied to a wide range of practice changes, such as determining interventionmethod effectiveness (Darrell W. Krueger Library, 2018). The third level ofevidence is similar to the second, but the participants to groups are notassigned randomly. This form of evidence can be used in detecting extraneousvariables in a study by examining a particular factor (DWKL, 2018).The fourthlevel of evidence consists of cohort and case-control studies which compare twodifferent outcomes between similar studies retrospectively, such as those withand without a disease to determine outcomes. The fifth and sixth levels relateto descriptive and non-quantitative studies, with the fifth level examiningnumerous studies, and the sixth only examines one (DWKL, 2018). These studiescan be used to describe personal experiences. The final level of evidence isbased off of expert opinions, which are worth exploring for new ideas, but notscientifically valid (DWKL, 2018).ReferencesBurns, P. B., Rohrich, R. J., &Chung, K. C. (2011). The levels of evidence and their role inevidence-based medicine. Evidence-based Medicine Toolkit, 128(1),94-96. doi:10.1002/9780470750605.ch15Darrell W. Krueger Library. (2018, September 18). Evidence basedpractice toolkit. Retrieved fromhttps://libguides.winona.edu/c.php?g=11614&p=61584Petrisor, B. A., & Bhandari, M. (2007). Thehierarchy of evidence: Levels and grades of recommendation. Retrieved fromwww.unm.edu/~unmvclib/cascade/handouts/PICOTpyramidofevidence.pdf

 
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