Emerging Infectious Diseases

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Community and Public Health Nursing | 3rd edition EVIDENCE FOR PRACTICE

Rosanna F. DeMarco, PhD, RN, FAAN Chair and Professor Department of Nursing College of Nursing and Health Sciences University of Massachusetts Boston Boston, Massachusetts

Judith Healey-Walsh, PhD, RN Clinical Associate Professor Director of the Undergraduate Program Department of Nursing College of Nursing and Health Sciences University of Massachusetts Boston Boston, Massachusetts

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3rd Edition

Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer.

Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Wolters Kluwer at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at permissions@lww.com, or via our website at shop.lww.com (products and services).

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: DeMarco, Rosanna F., author. | Healey-Walsh, Judith, author. | Preceded by (work): Harkness, Gail A. Community and public health nursing. Title: Community and public health nursing : evidence for practice / Rosanna F. DeMarco, Judith Healey-Walsh. Description: 3. | Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer, [2020] | Preceded by Community and public health nursing / Gail A.

Harkness, Rosanna F. DeMarco. Second edition. [2016]. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018058862 | eISBN 9781975144500 Subjects: | MESH: Community Health Nursing | Public Health Nursing | Evidence-Based Nursing | Nursing Theory | United States Classification: LCC RT98 | NLM WY 108 | DDC 610.73/43—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018058862

Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information presented and to describe generally accepted practices. However, the author(s), editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publication. Application of this information in a particular situation remains the professional responsibility of the practitioner; the clinical treatments described and recommended may not be considered absolute and universal recommendations.

The author(s), editors, and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accordance with the current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new or infrequently employed drug.

Some drugs and medical devices presented in this publication have Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance for limited use in restricted research settings. It is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascertain the FDA status of each drug or device planned for use in his or her clinical practice.

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Contributors

Stephanie M. Chalupka, EdD, RN, PHCNS-BC, FAAOHN, FNAP Associate Dean for Nursing Department of Nursing Worcester State University Worcester Visiting Scientist Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program Department of Environmental Health Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health Boston, Massachusetts (Chapter 9, Planning for Community Change)

Susan K. Chase, EdD, RN, FNAP Professor College of Nursing University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida (Chapter 23, Faith-Oriented Communities and Health Ministries in Faith Communities)

Sabreen A. Darwish, RN, BScN, MScN Second Year PhD Student/Research Assistant College of Nursing and Health Sciences University of Massachusetts Boston, Massachusetts (Chapter 3, Health Policy, Politics, and Reform)

Karen Dawn, RN, DNP, PHCNS, CDE Assistant Professor School of Nursing George Washington University Ashburn, Virginia (Chapter 4, Global Health: A Community Perspective)

Pamela Pershing DiNapoli, PhD, RN, CNL Associate Professor of Nursing and Graduate Programs College of Health and Human Services University of New Hampshire Durham, New Hampshire (Chapter 22, School Health)

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Merrily Evdokimoff, PhD, RN Consultant Clinical Associate Lecturer Department of Nursing University of Massachusetts Boston, Massachusetts (Chapter 20, Community Preparedness: Disaster and Terrorism)

Barbara A. Goldrick, MPH, PhD, RN Epidemiology Consultant Chatham, Massachusetts (Chapter 8, Gathering Evidence for Public Health Practice; Chapter 14, Risk of Infectious and Communicable Diseases; Chapter 15, Emerging Infectious Diseases)

Patricia Goyette, DNP-PHNL, RN Educational Consultant Everett, Massachusetts (Chapter 25, Occupational Health Nursing)

Cheryl L. Hersperger, MS, RN, PHNA-BC, PhD Student Assistant Professor Department of Nursing Worcester State University Worcester, Massachusetts (Chapter 9, Planning for Community Change)

Anahid Kulwicki, PhD, RN, FAAN Dean and Professor School of Nursing Lebanese American University Beirut, Lebanon (Chapter 3, Health Policy, Politics, and Reform)

Carol Susan Lang, DScN, MScN(Ed.), RN Associate Director of Global Initiatives Assistant Professor of Global and Population Health George Washington University School of Nursing Washington, DC

Annie Lewis-O’Connor, PhD, NP-BC, MPH, FAAN Senior Nurse Scientist and Founder and Director of C.A.R.E Clinic Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts (Chapter 16, Violence and Abuse)

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Patricia Lussier-Duynstee, PhD, RN Assistant Dean Assistant Professor School of Nursing MGH Institute of Health Professions Boston, Massachusetts (Chapter 6, Epidemiology: The Science of Prevention; Chapter 7, Describing Health Conditions: Understanding and Using Rates)

Kiara Manosalvas, MA Reseach Assistant II The Following & Mental Health Counselor Teachers College Columbia University Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts (Chapter 16, Violence and Abuse)

Patrice Nicholas, DNSc, DHL (Hon.), MPH, MS, RN, NP-C, FAAN Professor School of Nursing MGH Institute of Health Professions Director, Global Health and Academic Partnerships Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts (Chapter 6, Epidemiology: The Science of Prevention; Chapter 7, Describing Health Conditions: Understanding and Using Rates)

Christine Pontus, RN, MS, BSN, COHN-S/CCM Associate Director in Nursing and Occupational Health Massachusetts Nurses Association (MNA) Canton, Massachusetts (Chapter 25, Occupational Health Nursing)

Joyce Pulcini, PhD, RN, PNP-BC, FAAN, FAANP Professor Director of Community and Global Initiatives Chair, Acute and Chronic Care Community School of Nursing George Washington University Washington, DC (Chapter 4, Global Health: A Community Perspective)

Teresa Eliot Roberts, PhD, RN, ANP Clinical Assistant Professor College of Nursing and Health Sciences University of Massachusetts Boston Boston, Massachusetts

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(Chapter 10, Cultural Competence: Awareness, Sensitivity, and Respect)

Judith Shindul-Rothschild, PhD, MSN, RN Associate Professor Connell School of Nursing Boston College Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts (Chapter 17, Substance Use; Chapter 21, Community Mental Health)

Joy Spellman, MSN, RN Director, Center for Public Health Preparedness Mt. Laurel, New Jersey (Chapter 20, Community Preparedness: Disaster and Terrorism)

Tarah S. Somers, RN, MSN/MPH Senior Regional Director Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, New England Office US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps Boston, Massachusetts (Chapter 19, Environmental Health)

Patricia Tabloski, PhD, GNP-BC, FGSA, FAAN Associate Professor Connell School of Nursing Boston College Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts (Chapter 24, Palliative and End-of-Life Care)

Aitana Zermeno, BS Research Assistant Connors Center for Women’s Health and Gender Biology Division of Women’s Health Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts (Chapter 16, Violence and Abuse)

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Reviewers

Elizabeth Armstrong, DNP, MSN, RN, CNE Assistant Professor School of Nursing University of Bridgeport Bridgeport, Connecticut

Karen Cooper, MS, RN Clinical Assistant Professor Department of Nursing Towson University Towson, Maryland

Teresa E. Darnall, PhD, MSN, RN, CNE Assistant Dean Assistant Professor May School of Nursing and Health Sciences Lees-McRae College Banner Elk, North Carolina

Florence Viveen Dood, DNP, MSN, BSN, RN RN-BSN Program Coordinator Assistant Professor School of Nursing Ferris State University Big Rapids, Michigan

Aimee McDonald, PhD, RN Assistant Professor Department of Nursing William Jewell College Liberty, Missouri

Rita M. Million, PhD, RN, PHNA-BC, COI Nursing Faculty School of Nursing College of Saint Mary Omaha, Nebraska

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Deanna R. Pope, DNP, RN, CNE Professor School of Nursing Marshall University Huntington, West Virginia

Kendra Schmitz, RN, MSN Assistant Professor School of Nursing D’Youville College Buffalo, New York

Kathleen F. Tate, MSN, MBA, CNE, RN Assistant Professor School of Nursing Northwestern State University Natchitoches, Louisiana

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Preface

“If you want to go quickly, go alone. If you want to go far, go together.” African Proverb

“The idea that some lives matter less is the root of all that is wrong in the world.” Paul Farmer

“No matter what people tell you, words and ideas can change the world.” Robin Williams

e are experiencing extraordinary changes in healthcare in this new century; changes that call upon the most creative, analytical, and innovative skills available. While the world has the resources to reduce healthcare disparities and eliminate the differences

in healthcare and health outcomes that exist between various population groups across the globe, accomplishing this is a long-term and complicated task. Improvement in the social structure within which people live, and a redistribution of resources so that all people have access to the basic necessities of life, require an unprecedented global consciousness and political commitment.

Ultimately, reducing health disparities and promoting health equity occur within the local community where people reside. Nurses are by far the largest group of healthcare providers worldwide and, as such, have the ability and responsibility to be change agents and leaders in implementing change in their communities. They can be the primary participants in the development of health policy that specifically addresses the unique needs of their communities. Through implementation and evaluation of culturally appropriate, community-based programs, nurses can use their expertise to remedy the conditions that contribute to health disparities. People need to be assured that their healthcare needs will be assessed and that healthcare is available and accessible.