- Type of paper Research Paper
- Subject Biology
- Number of pages 7
- Format of citation Harvard
- Number of cited resources 15
- Type of service WritingTopic: You are in a busy community practice. A patient who is eligible for the Flu vaccine comes to receive her annual jab. She can’t understand why she needs to Get this every year and wants To get a one shot to protect her permanently. How would you advise her and what are the possibilities for a one shot vaccine?
Write a research paper answering the question above only using peer-reviewed published journal articles. Max 2000 words, not including references. Size 11 Calibri, 1.5 spaced. Paper must have Introduction, body and conclusion. Conclusion must state the recommended treatment for the patient.
Topics to cover:
· Various types of Influenza (A,B,C)
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Order Paper Now· History/background
· Epidemiology
· Pathology/ herd immunity/ symptoms
· Transmission
· Different treatments
· Annual vaccinations
· Trivalent, quadrivalent (how vaccinations are synthesized)
· Include pros and cons of treatments
· Patients who qualify for vaccinations
· Current on-going research on influenza and “one shot” vaccination
· Why it is difficult to create a one-shot vaccination
· Best treatment for patient in question
Influenza
Bilal, Ivona, Kieu & Liam
Question
You are GP in a busy community practice. A patient who is eligible for the Flu vaccine comes to receive her annual jab. She can’t understand why she needs to get this every year and wants to get a one shot to protect her permanently. How would you advise her and what the possibilities for one shot vaccine?
Types of influenza virus
There are 3 types of influenza:
Influenza A which affects Birds and mammals
Influenza B and influenza C infect humans only
Mention why A, B and C are different
3
Epidemiology
Aussies are used to predict suspected prominent strains
Doesn’t always work
Low efficacy amongst certain demographics
Countries with Clear winter to predict seasonality
countries that do not have clear seasons suffer with a year round dominant strain
4
Transmission
Transmission: Spread up to 6 feet,
When infected people cough, sneeze, touch or talk
(Aerosoles).
Also via contaminated objects (Formites)
Social patterns (i.e. during school holiday reduce transmission)
Pathology
Usually replicates throughout respiratory tree in epithelial cells .
Mild cases would affect upper respiratory tree, if left untreated, the illness could spread to the lower part of the respiratory tract (pneumonia).
Diagnostic tests include: Accurate tests use RT-PCR alongside immunohistochemical tests for confirmation
Symptoms
High fever
Build up of mucous in airways (coryza)
Cough
Headache
Fatigue (prostration)
Inflammation of upper respiratory
Consequences
Spanish flu: 1918 – 50 to 100 million people world wide died as result
Killed young and healthy adults as well as those at risk – major pandemic
Can develop into pneumonia, bronchitis, aveolitis sinusitis and pulmonary oedema and pulmonary haemorrhage.
Even if eradicated in Humans there is still Animal reservoirs
Herd Immunity
– In Novgorod, Russia, teachers in classrooms with students that were vaccinated and unvaccinated were protected
9
Available vaccines
Seasonal Vaccination
Effectiveness
Antigenicity
Get flu- like symptoms
Reduces risk of flu illness by 40-60% in the overall population during season when most flu viruses are well matched to the flu vaccine
11
Trivalent
Definition: Flu shot against 3 strains of influenza expected to circulate throughout flu season (one type B, two type A)
Standard-dose trivalent shots
A high dose trivalent shot
Recombinant trivalent shot that is egg free
Scandinavian Narcolepsy
Quadrivalent
Definition: Flu shot against 4 strains of influenza expected to circulate throughout flu season (two type B, and two type A)
Quadrivalent flu shots
An interdermal quadrivalent flu shot
A recombinant quadrivalent flu shot
One shot
Vaccine definition
“Universal” flu vaccine that protects against all human influenza strains, which means for influenza A, main strains, bird flu, as well as past pandemic strains
Why can’t it work
Antigenic variation that occurs within the strains of influenza which can to a variety of subtypes
Animal reservoir and mixing vessels
Mixing vessels: theory within pigs that genetic assortment can occur between avian and human
14
Provides strength and rigidity
Membrane glycoprotein, cleaves sialic acid groups from host glycoproteins. Required for release from host cell
Membrane glycoprotein, major viral antigen. Required for entry and release from host cell
Ion channel required for pH maintenance
RNA polymerases required for transcription of viral RNA
15
At risk groups
Seasonal susceptibility (I.e. likeliness to catch in colder seasons)
Elderly
Diabetic
Young children
Asthma
cardiac issues
Pulmonary Disease
Pregnant woman
Immuno- compromised
Care Givers (Doctors, nurses, etc.)
Elderly over age of 65
What effects the efficacy of the vaccine
Schools will closed during pandemics
16
Current research
one shot
annual
Transmission (birds?)
Countries with seasons
Countries along equator (such as Singapore)
Countries that have flu season tend to not vaccinate during summer whereas countries closer to the equator vaccinate all year round (with constant research) due to the slight peak that will occur during the year
Domestic animal (birds, chickens etc)
17
Conclusion
Annual jab is best suited
At your own risk/ can’t force the jab
CDC 2017 recommendation
Who should not be vaccinated
New strains
Still suffer even with protection
not recommended for individuals under 6 months of age
(1) effectiveness wears off over time (2) new strains will develop
If you get the flu it will be milder with the vaccine
Reduces deaths in children caused by flu by 50%, and reduces overall transmission to community
18
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