Week 9 Community

Chapter 15: Emerging Infectious Diseases

A neighbor, who is 3 months pregnant, asks to talk to you because she has felt tired for the last 2 days, has a headache, a rash, and does not feel like eating. You take her vital signs and find that she has a low-grade fever. She has recently traveled to an area where there is risk for Zika virus disease.

To what could your neighbor have been exposed, and how could the exposure have occurred?

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What advice would you give your neighbor?

Chapter 16: Violence and Abuse

Chapter Highlights #1

Overview of violence in U.S. communities

School violence

Mandatory reporting of elder abuse, child maltreatment, and abuse of people with disabilities

Intimate partner violence (IPV)

Health consequences of exposure to IPV in children

Chapter Highlights #2

Model of care for victims of intentional crimes

IPV as a major women’s health problem, including impact on pregnancy

Screening and intervention in IPV

Risk and lethality assessment in IPV

Role of healthcare providers: assessing for and intervening in violence and abuse

Violence

Intentional

Act committed by a person or persons against another person or persons in which there is a conscious choice to act violently

Types of Violence

Guns

School violence

Question #1

Is the following statement true or false?

Violence against women is a form of gender‐based violence that can result in physical harm only.

Answer to Question #1

False

Violence against women is a form of gender‐based violence that can result in physical, sexual, or psychological harm for both the direct victims and also their dependents (children).

Incidence and Prevalence

Incidence: the number of cases of disease with an onset during a prescribed period of time; often expressed as a rate

Prevalence: number of cases of a disease, infected persons, or people with some other attribute present during a particular interval of time; often expressed as a rate

Intimate Partner Violence

Major women’s health problem

Extent

Health consequences in children who witness abuse

Screening: interventional strategies

Safety assessment and planning

Lethality risk

Question #2

Is the following statement true or false?

Femicide is a term used to refer to a homicide that occurs in the context of intimate partner violence.

Answer to Question #2

True

Rationale: Femicide is a term used to refer to a homicide that occurs in the context of intimate partner violence.

Mandatory Reporting of Abuse

When any healthcare provider suspects that abuse of an elderly person, a child, or a person with a disability has occurred, he or she is mandated to report the abuse to the appropriate agency.

Abuse

Elder abuse

Child maltreatment

Abuse of disabled people

Intervention

A structured tailored brochure with information regarding the cycle of violence, designed to meet each woman’s special needs

Risk factors associated with increased risk of homicide

Options available to women

Safety planning

IPV resources specific to their locale

National hotline numbers

Human Trafficking

Recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act, labor, or services

Mental and physical health issues

Potential indicators

Model of Care for Victims of Intentional Crimes

SANE programs

Board certification in child maltreatment

Forensic Nursing

Forensic nurses offer victims compassionate evidence‐based care.

Advance training focuses on

Taking a history of the assault

Collecting evidence

Providing treatment and follow‐up

Chapter 15: Emerging Infectious Diseases

Chapter Highlights

Emerging versus reemerging infectious diseases

Factors that influence the emergence/reemergence of infectious diseases

Recent emerging/reemerging infectious diseases

Prevention and control of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases

Reemergence of vaccine‐preventable diseases

Question #1

Is the following statement true or false?

Factors that influence the emergence or reemergence of infectious diseases are multiple, complex, and interrelated.

Answer to Question #1

True

Rationale: Factors that influence the emergence or reemergence of infectious diseases are multiple, complex, and interrelated.

Emerging Infectious Disease

A newly identified clinically distinct infectious disease or the reappearance (or reemergence) of a known infectious disease after its decline with an incidence that is increasing in a certain geographic area or in a specific population

Factors That Influence Emerging Infectious Diseases

Microbial adaptation and change

Human susceptibility to infection

Climate, changing ecosystems, and human behavior

Travel, technology, and industry

Lack of political will and breakdown of public health infrastructure

Question #2

Is the following statement true or false?

Epidemics and pandemics can place long‐term demands on healthcare systems.

Answer to Question #2

False

Rationale: Epidemics and pandemics can place sudden and intense demands on healthcare systems.

Recent Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases #1

Severe acute respiratory syndrome

MERS‐CoV

Avian influenza

H1N1 Influenza

Novel Avian influenza A

West Nile virus

Recent Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases #2

Lyme disease

E. Coli 0157:H7

Tuberculosis

Ebola virus disease

Zika virus disease

Question #3

Is the following statement true or false?

Certain zoonotic diseases can be transmitted to humans through contact with zoo animals.

Answer to Question #3

False

Rationale: Certain zoonotic diseases can be transmitted to humans through contact with animals and birds.

Reemerging Vaccine‐Preventable Diseases

Measles

Mumps

Rubella

Pertussis

Antibiotic‐Resistant Microorganisms #1

Urgent threats

Clostridium difficile

Carbapenem‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Serious threats

Concerning threats

Antibiotic‐Resistant Microorganisms #2

Urgent threats

Serious threats

Concerning threats

Question #4

Is the following statement true or false?

Outbreaks of emerging and reemerging infections can disrupt economic activity and development.

Answer to Question #4

True

In addition to morbidity and mortality, outbreaks of emerging and reemerging infections can disrupt economic activity and development.

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