Child Development

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CHILD DEVELOPMENT

Thirteenth Edition

JOHN W. SANTROCK University of Texas at Dallas

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Published by McGraw-Hill, an imprint of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2011, 2009, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1996, 1992, 1989, 1987, 1982. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 QDQ/QDQ 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

ISBN: 978-0-07-353208-0 MHID: 0-07-353208-8

Vice President Editorial: Michael Ryan Publisher: Mike Sugarman Senior Sponsoring Editor: Allison McNamara Executive Marketing Manager: Julia Flohr Marketing Manager: Yasuko Okada Director of Development: Dawn Groundwater Senior Developmental Editor: Cara Labell Senior Project Manager: Holly Irish Production Service: Aaron Downey, Matrix Productions Manuscript Editor: Janet Tilden Design Manager: Laurie Entringer Text Designer: Pam Verros Cover Designer: Laurie Entringer Art Manager: Robin Mouat Buyer II: Tandra Jorgensen Composition: 9.5/12 Meridien Roman by Aptara®, Inc. Printing: 45# Pub Matte, Quad/Graphics, Dubuque, IA

Credits: The credits section for this book begins on page 573 and is considered an extension of the copyright page.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Santrock, John W. Child development : an introduction / John Santrock. — 13th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-07-353208-0 (hardback) 1. Child development. 2. Child psychology. I. Title. RJ131.S264 2010 618.92—dc22 2010036055

The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a Web site does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill, and McGraw-Hill does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.

www.mhhe.com

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With special appreciation to my wife, Mary Jo; my children, Tracy and Jennifer;

and my grandchildren, Jordan, Alex, and Luke

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iv

about the author John W. Santrock

John Santrock received his Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota in 1973.

He taught at the University of Charleston and the University of Georgia

before joining the program in Psychology and Human Development at the

University of Texas at Dallas, where he currently teaches a number of under-

graduate courses.

John has been a member of the edi torial boards of

Child Development and Developmental Psychology. His research

on father custody is widely cited and used in expert wit-

ness testimony to promote fl exibility and alternative con-

siderations in custody disputes. John also has authored

these exceptional McGraw-Hill texts: Psychology (7th edi-

tion), Children (11th edition), Adolescence (13th edition),

Life-Span Development (13th edition), and Educational

Psychology (5th edition).

For many years John was involved in tennis as a

player, a teaching professional, and a coach of profes-

sional tennis players. He has been married for more than

35 years to his wife, Mary Jo, who is a Realtor. He has

two daughters—Tracy, who also is a Realtor, and Jennifer, who is a medical

sales specialist He has one granddaughter, Jordan, age 19, and two grandsons,

Alex, age 6, and Luke, age 4. In the last decade, John also has spent time

painting expressionist art.

John Santrock (center) teaching an undergraduate psychology course.

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v

SECTION 1 THE NATURE OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2 1 Introduction 4

SECTION 2 BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT, AND PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT 48 2 Biological Beginnings 50 3 Prenatal Development and Birth 76 4 Physical Development and Health 105 5 Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development 141

SECTION 3 COGNITION AND LANGUAGE 168 6 Cognitive Developmental Approaches 170 7 Information Processing 199 8 Intelligence 233 9 Language Development 258

SECTION 4 SOCIOEMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 286 10 Emotional Development 288 11 The Self and Identity 322 12 Gender 344 13 Moral Development 364

SECTION 5 SOCIAL CONTEXTS OF DEVELOPMENT 392 14 Families 394 15 Peers 426 16 Schools and Achievement 452 17 Culture and Diversity 483

brief contents

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vi

contents

C H A P T E R 1

Introduction 4 Child Development—Yesterday and Today 6

Historical Views of Childhood 6

The Modern Study of Child Development 7

Caring for Children 8 Improving the Lives of Children 8

CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Luis Vargas, Clinical Child Psychologist 9

Resilience, Social Policy, and Children’s

Development 11

CONNECTING WITH DIVERSITY Gender, Families, and Children’s Development 12

Developmental Processes, Periods, and Issues 14 Biological, Cognitive, and Socioemotional

Processes 15

Periods of Development 16

Issues in Development 17

The Science of Child Development 20 The Importance of Research 20

Theories of Child Development 20

CARING CONNECTIONS Strategies for Parenting, Educating, and Interacting with Children Based on Erikson’s Theory 23

Research Methods for Collecting Data 30

Research Designs 33

CONNECTING THROUGH RESEARCH Where Is Child Development Research Published? 37

Challenges in Child Development

Research 38

CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Pam Reid, Educational and Developmental Psychologist 39

Reach Your Learning Goals 41

Appendix Careers in Child Development 44

S E C T I O N 1 THE NATURE OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2

C H A P T E R 2

Biological Beginnings 50 IMAGES OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT The Stories

of the Jim and Jim Twins 51

The Evolutionary Perspective 52 Natural Selection and Adaptive

Behavior 52

Evolutionary Psychology 53

Genetic Foundations of Development 54 The Collaborative Gene 55

Genes and Chromosomes 56

Genetic Principles 58

Chromosomal and Gene-Linked

Abnormalities 59

CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Holly Ishmael, Genetic Counselor 62

Reproductive Challenges and Choices 63 Prenatal Diagnostic Tests 63

Infertility and Reproductive Technology 64

Adoption 65

CONNECTING THROUGH RESEARCH Do Children Conceived Through In Vitro Fertilization Show Signifi cantly Diff erent Outcomes in Adolescence? 65

CONNECTING WITH DIVERSITY The Increased Diversity of Adopted Children and Adoptive Parents 66

CARING CONNECTIONS Parenting Adopted Children 67

S E C T I O N 2 BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT, AND PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT 48

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Contents vii

Heredity and Environment Interaction: The Nature-Nurture Debate 68

Behavior Genetics 69

Heredity-Environment Correlations 69

Shared and Nonshared Environmental

Experiences 70

The Epigenetic View and Gene 3 Environment

(G 3 E) Interaction 71

Conclusions About Heredity-Environment

Interaction 72

Reach Your Learning Goals 73

C H A P T E R 3

Prenatal Development and Birth 76

IMAGES OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT The Story of Mr. Littles 77

Prenatal Development 78 The Course of Prenatal Development 78

Teratology and Hazards to Prenatal

Development 82

Prenatal Care 89

Normal Prenatal Development 90

Birth 90 The Birth Process 91

CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Linda Pugh, Perinatal Nurse 93

CARING CONNECTIONS From Waterbirth to Music Therapy 93

Assessing the Newborn 94

Preterm and Low Birth Weight Infants 96

CONNECTING WITH DIVERSITY Cross-Cultural Variations in the Incidence and Causes of Low Birth Weight 97

CONNECTING THROUGH RESEARCH How Does Massage Therapy Aff ect the Mood and Behavior of Babies? 98

The Postpartum Period 99 Physical Adjustments 100

Emotional and Psychological

Adjustments 100

CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Diane Sanford, Clinical Psychologist and Postpartum Expert 101

Bonding 102

Reach Your Learning Goals 103

C H A P T E R 4

Physical Development and Health 105

IMAGES OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT The Story of Angie and Her Weight 106

Body Growth and Change 107 Patterns of Growth 107

Infancy and Childhood 108

Adolescence 109

The Brain 113 Brain Physiology 114

Infancy 115

Childhood 118

Adolescence 119

Sleep 120 Infancy 120

Childhood 123

Adolescence 123

Health 124 Illness and Injuries Among

Children 125

Nutrition and Eating Behavior 127

CONNECTING WITH DIVERSITY The Stories of Latonya and Ramona: Breast and Bottle Feeding in Africa 130

CARING CONNECTIONS Improving the Nutrition of Infants and Young Children Living in Low-Income Families 132

CONNECTING WITH CAREERS T. Berry Brazelton, Pediatrician 133

CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Barbara Deloin, Pediatric Nurse 135

Exercise 135

CONNECTING THROUGH RESEARCH Are Preschool Children Getting Enough Physical Activity? 137

Reach Your Learning Goals 138

C H A P T E R 5

Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development 141

IMAGES OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT The Stories of Stevie Wonder and Andrea Bocelli 142

Motor Development 143 The Dynamic Systems View 143

Refl exes 144

Gross Motor Skills 146

CONNECTING WITH DIVERSITY Cultural Variations in Guiding Infants’ Motor Development 149

CARING CONNECTIONS Parents, Coaches, and Children’s Sports 151

Fine Motor Skills 152

Sensory and Perceptual Development 153 What Are Sensation and Perception? 154

The Ecological View 154

CONNECTING THROUGH RESEARCH How Can We Study Newborns’ Perception? 155

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viii Contents

Visual Perception 157

Other Senses 160

Intermodal Perception 162

Nature, Nurture, and Perceptual

Development 163

Perceptual-Motor Coupling 164

Reach Your Learning Goals 165

C H A P T E R 6

Cognitive Developmental Approaches 170

IMAGES OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT The Stories of Laurent, Lucienne, and Jacqueline 171

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development 172 Processes of Development 172

Sensorimotor Stage 173

CONNECTING THROUGH RESEARCH How Do Researchers Determine Infants’ Understanding of Object Permanence and Causality? 177

Preoperational Stage 180

Concrete Operational Stage 183

Formal Operational Stage 185

Applying and Evaluating Piaget’s Theory 187 Piaget and Education 187

Evaluating Piaget’s Theory 188

Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Development 190 The Zone of Proximal Development 190

Scaffolding 191